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英译汉中的名词( 3 )——★抽象名词★
A 名词与动词配合。
例: The existence of the giant clouds was virtually required for the Big Bang , first put forward in the 1920s , to maintain its reign as the dominant explanation of the cosmos. (1998 年英译汉真题 )
分析:“ reign ”在大纲里的解释是“统治、统治时期,支配;朝代”, maintain its reign 直译是“保持其统治”,汉语一般说“保持其统治地位”,根据汉语的搭配习惯,我们把 reign 这个抽象名词具体化为“统治地位”。
B 名词和形容词配合。
例: Interest in historical methods has arisen less through external challenge to the validity of history as an intellectual discipline and more from internal quarrels among historians themselves. (1999 年英译汉真题 )
分析:如果 discipline 翻译成“纪律”,则这个表达法很让人费解,因为“知识纪律”完全不合逻辑。从这个词周边的词 historians 的暗示看它表明的东西应该和 historians 是同一类。所以在此用了 discipline 的另一个意思“学科”。
C 名词与整个句子配合。
例: The trend began during the Second World War, when several governments came to the conclusion that the specific demands that a government wants to make of its scientific establishment cannot generally be foreseen in detail. It can be predicted, however, that from time to time questions will arise which will require specific scientific answers. It is therefore generally valuable to treat the scientific establishment as a resource or machine to be kept in functional order. (1996 年英译汉真题 )
分析: establishment 在句中不可能是抽象名词“建立,确立”,因为 scientific establishment 译成“科学建立”明显有问题。事实上,根据英语喜欢抽象表达,而汉语喜欢用具体表达。所以我们观察文章中是否提供了线索,结果我们可以在各个句子后面找到了 treat the scientific establishment as a resource or machine (把科学 establishment 看成是一种资源或一台机器),而“科学资源”或者“科学机器”是可以让我们联想到“科研机构”的。
D 名词与整个文章配合。
例: It applies equally to traditional historians who view history as only the external and internal criticism of sources. And to social science historians who equate their activity with specific techniques. (1999 年英译汉真题 )
分析:句中 3 个名词 sources, activity, techniques 均不能译为简单的“来源”、“活动”和“技巧”,因为整篇文章讲的是“历史学研究”,很多名词都要和这个主题挂起钩来,因此 sources 是具体的“史料研究”, activity 是具体的“(历史)研究(活动)”, techniques 是具体的“(研究)方法”。
练习:
1 请下面的句子翻译成中文。(注意 the explanatory items 的翻译)
The behavioral sciences have been slow to change partly because the explanatory items often seem to be directly observed and partly because other kinds of explanations have been hard to find. (2002 年英译汉真题 )
2 请下面的句子翻译成中文。(注意 measures 的翻译)
Under modern conditions , this requires varying measures of centralized control and hence the help of specialized scientists such as economists and operational research experts. (2000 年英译汉真题 )
3 请下面的句子翻译成中文。(注意 glory 的翻译)
Galileo’s greatest glory was that in1609 he was the first person to turn the newly invented telescope on the heavens to prove that the planets revolve around the sun rather than around the Earth. ( 1994 年英译汉真题)