train， for， depend，who，accept， use， vary， develop， 　　 resulting in，social，on，refer to，comparing

　　It is generally (51)_______ that the experiences of the child in his first years largely determine his character and later personality. Every experience teaches the child something and the effects are cumulative. ‘Upbringing’ is normally used to (52)_________ the treatment and training of the child within the home. This is closely related to the treatment and training of the child in school, which is usually distinguished by the term ‘education’. In a society such as ours, both parents and teachers are responsible (53)__________ the opportunities provided for the development of the child, so that upbringing and education are interdependent.

　　The ideals and practices of child rearing (54)___________ from .culture to culture. In general, the more rural the community, the more uniform are the customs of child upbringing. In more technologically (55)_________ societies, the period of childhood and adolescence tends to be extended over a long time, (56)_______ more opportunity for education and greater variety in character development.

　　Early upbringing in the home is naturally affected both by the cultural pattern of the community and by the parents’ capabilities and their aims and (57)______ not only on upbringing and education but also on the innate abilities of the child. Wild differences of innate intelligence and temperament exist even in children of the same family.

　　Parents can ascertain what is normal in physical, mental and (58)____________ development, by referring to some of the many books based (59)________ scientific knowledge in these areas, or less reliably, since the sample is smaller, by comparing notes with friends and relatives (60)_______ have children.

　　(From Bringing Up Children)

　　VI. SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS

　　The following 2 questions are based on Passage Four in this test paper. Read the passage carefully again and answer the questions briefly by referring back to Passage Four. Write your answers on the ANSWER SHEET (10 points, 5 points each)

　　61. According to the author, why do people generally not speak foreign languages very much better than their own languages?

　　62. What are the three basic requirements for the foreign language teacher in teaching pronunciation?

　　VII. TRANSLATION

　　The following excerpt is taken from the textbook. Read the paragraph carefully and translate into Chinese each of the numbered and underlined parts. (10 points, 2 points each)

　　The American is quite ready to admit certain weaknesses, such as “I never was good at mathematics,” “I’m a rotten tennis player,” or “I’m the world’s worst bridge, player.” However, the stranger must not be too quick to agree with him. (63) Americans think it is all right, even sporting, to admit a defect in themselves, but they feel that it is almost an insult to have someone else agree. (64) A part of American idea of good sportsmanship is the point of being generous to a loser. (65) This attitude is carried over into matters that have nothing to do with competition. (66) If a man talks about his weak points, the listener says something in the way of encouragement, or points to other qualities in which the speaker excels. An American student reports that when he was in a foreign country he was completely stunned when he said to a native, “I don’t speak your language very well,” and the native replied, “I should say you don’t.” In a similar situation an American would have commented, “Well, you have only been here two months,” or “But you’re making progress.” (67) Although Americans are quite informal, it is best for a foreigner, in case of doubt, to be too formal rather than not formal enough. Consideration for others is the basis of all courtesy.

　　(From American Social Relations)

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